Effect of acute exposure of triazophos on oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in liver, kidney and brain of Wistar rats.

Acute dose of organophosphorus pesticide Triazophos (O,O-diethyl O-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate; Tz) administered orally affects oxidative stress parameters and the histo-architecture of liver, kidney and brain tissues. The results indicate a dose dependent induction of oxidative stress as evident by increased malondialdehyde level and decreased antioxidant defense including glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity in rat liver, kidney and brain. AChE activity was found significantly decreased in the Tz treated groups as compared to the vehicle control (DMSO) group. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney and brain in Tz treated rats revealed medullary congestion and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes in liver and medullary congestion in kidney. However, no significant histopathological changes were observed in brain tissues.

[Comparison of PBO and DEF effects on creating bendiocarb and carbaryl insecticide resistance in German cockroach]

German cockroach [Blattella germanica, Blattodea:Blattellidae] is considered one of the common pests in hospitals, hotels, households and dormitories which can transfer different pathogenic fungi, viruses and bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance mechanisms to bendiocarb and carbaryl in German cockroache, in vivo. In this study, German cockroach strains were collected from several hospitals and dormitories in Tehran and transferred to insectarium. The strains were reared under the same laboratory conditions. At first the discriminative doses of bendiocarb and carbaryl were determined by surface contact method. Then the susceptibility level and types of resistance mechanisms to bendiocarb and carbaryl, in the strains were studied by using PBO and DEF as synergists. Simultaneous use of DEF as synergist, with bendiocarb and carbaryl led to the breakdown of resistance in all strains. But use of PBO instead of DEF did not overcome the resistance in the strains collected from Mofid, Alvand and Vali Asr hospitals and Shariati dormitory. In general, the effect of DEF in breaking the resistance was more than that of PBO. Complete breakdown of resistance after simultaneous use of DEF with bendiocarb and carbaryl insecticides, indicated the essential role of esterase enzymes in producing resistance to bendiocarb and carbaryl in the strains. But PBO did not break the resistance completely in most wild strains, which may be due to other possible mechanisms of resistance such as reduction of cuticle penetration or insensitivity to acetyl cholinesterase enzyme

Induction of oxidative stress and histopathological changes by sub-chronic doses of triazophos.

The effect of triazophos (O, O-diethyl O-1-phenyl-1 H-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate), a widely used insecticide was studied on the induction of oxidative stress and histological alterations at sub-chronic doses in male albino rats. Oral administration of triazophos at concentrations of 1.64, 3.2 and 8.2 mg/kg body wt for 30 days produced dose as well as time-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation (determined by malondialdehyde levels) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in serum with a concomitant decrease in ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and blood glutathione (GSH) content. Histopathological examination of liver of triazophos-treated rats showed significant and progressive degenerative changes as compared to control, which could be due to induction of oxidative stress. However, no significant histopathological changes were observed in spleen, kidney and brain at either dose of triazophos with respect to control. These results indicated that oral administration of triazophos was associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and compromised antioxidant defence in rats in dose and time-dependent manner. Thus the present study demonstrated for the first time the role of oxidative stress as the important mechanism involved in the stimulation of hepatic histo-architectural alterations at sub-chronic doses of triazophos in rats.

Toxic effects of five insecticides and their mixture on male albino rats

Five insecticides namely; abamectin, carbosulfan, fenpropathrin, methomyl and profenofos were given by gavages to male albino rats. These insecticides were administered daily for 28 days with doses equaled 1/20 LD 50 either singly or in a mixture of all the insecticides together. The study revealed significant decreases in body and kidneys weights, while increases in liver weights in all the treatments. Most of the treatments induced significant elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST], while caused decreases in acetylcholinesterase [AChE] activities. Fenpropathrin and the mixture induced significant increase in total protein content of the serum, while the other treatments induced significant decreases. Creatinine concentrations recorded significant elevations in fenpropathrin and methomyl treatments, while significant decrease in case of Profenofos. Degenerative changes and granularity of hepatocytes with Kupffer cells activation were observed in the treatments with the mixture or and methomyl. Shrinking in Bowman's capsule and degenerative changes of epithelium lining renal tubules were observed in rats treated with the mixture. Moreover, necrotic changes associated with desquamation of epithelium lining tubules were shown in rats treated with the mixture, fenpropathrin and methomyl. From the biochemical data, the joint action was estimated for the mixture composed of the five insecticides. The mixture interacts antagonistically with most of the measured biochemical parameters

Alpha lipoic acid ameliorate changes occur in neurotransmitters and antioxidant enzymes that influenced by profenofos insecticide

This study was designed to determine whether alpha lipoic acid [ALA] which has been shown to have substantial antioxidant properties would ameliorate some of profenofos insecticide toxic effects. ALA administered [60mg/kg b.w.] to adult female rats for 14 days 1 hour after administration of 1/10 LD50 [45 mg/kg b.w.] and 1/20 LD50 [22.5 mg/kg b.w.] for profenofos insecticide which act as free radical inducer. Neurotransmitters [Dopamine [DA], Norepinephrin [NE], Serotonine [5-HT] and 5-Hydroxy indol acetic acid [5-HIAA]] were estimated in plasma. While malondialdehyde [MDA], reduced glutathione [GSH] level, glutathione-S-transferase [GST] and superoxide dismutase [SOD] activities were determined in liver, kidney and brain. The results revealed an increase in plasma serotonine [5-HT] levels in group of rats intoxicated with low dose of profenofos. A significant increase in MDA level [an indicator for lipid peroxidation] in liver of rats intoxicated with both doses of profenofos was recorded, concurrent with a significant reduction in GSH level and GST and SOD activities in most tested tissues of rats intoxicated with both doses of profenofos. Supplementation with alpha lipoic acid [60 mg/kg b.wt] 1 h after profenofos administration induced some but not complete improvement in all parameters whereas, it induced significant increase in plasma DA and 5-HT while it reduced lipid peroxidation in each of the examined tissues. These results accompanied with improvement in GSH level especially in liver, in addition to GST and SOD activities in some organs. Its effect differ from tissue to another. In conclusion ALA supplementation to profenofos intoxicated rats induced improvement in lipid peroxidation, total glutathione level and glutathione-S- transferase activity

Comparative haematological and hepatorenal toxicity of IGR, lufenuron and profenofos insecticide on albino rats

The present investigation was conducted to compare the toxicity of the IGR, lufenuron and the organophosphorus insecticide, profenofos on blood content, liver and kidney functions of male albino rats. The tested compounds were orally administered to rats at 1/20 and 1/10 of their median lethal doses [LD50s] for two months [day after another], then toxicants were withdrawn for 30 days to allow recovery of toxic effects. Data indicated that 1/10 LD50 of both compounds caused significant changes on blood contents and biochemical parameters of treated rats without return to normal levels at the end of recovery period, while, the smallest dose revealed negligible changes on some tested parameters with resumed normal values. The adverse effects reached its peak at 45 and 60 days of treatment [high dose treated rats] followed by decrease during recovery intervals without returned to normal, but at 1/10 LD50, lufenuron caused sever damage on kidney; urea and creatinine showed high levels at the end of recovery periods [92.0 and 220.0% above normal level, respectively]. Data indicated that, 1/10 LD50 of lufenuron treated rats exhibited changes in leucocytes, platelets counts, transaminases activities, creatinine and urea concentrations more than the organophosphorus insecticide. On the contrary, the same dose of profenofos mostly affected on erythrocytes counts, haemoglobin levels and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity. The obtained data would suggest that the two tested compounds at high dose have an inhibitory action on haemopiesis. In addition, both compounds proved to have comparable toxicity towards animals

Interactive effects of imidacloprid, profenofos and carbosulfan at low concentrations on homeostasis and haematological indices in male albino rats

Toxicity data with single pesticides to test animals are far more abundant than with mixtures [Flipo et al., 1992]. Consequently, these data cannot be used directly to predict the effect of pesticide combinations. Three pesticides; imidacloprid, profenofos and carbosulfan, administered to rats per OS at low level dose equal 1/30 LD50 for each insecticide, which represent 111, 70 and 43 ppm, respectively on homeostasis status and haematological indices [El-Kashory and El-Said, 2001], were selected to explore their combined action of subchronic exposure studies for 90 days in adult male albino rats. Homeostasis-related parameters such as; aldosterone [Ald.], sodium ions [Na+], potassium ions [K+], total chloride ions [T.Cl-] levels, pH value and haematological indices were examined in rats after an administration with different insecticide combinations. Moreover, after withdrawal the pesticide combinations for 30 days, as a recovery period, the above mentioned parameters were evaluated, in comparison with the control group. Results showed that, pesticide combination imidacloprid/profenofos [I + P] induced significant decrease in Na+ and T.Cl- ions levels and significant increase in pH value. While, it did not alter both Ald. and K+ ions levels. Combination imidacloprid/carbosulfan [I + C] increased significantly Ald., T.Cl- ions levels and pH values. On the contrary, it reduced Na+ and K+ ions levels significantly. Combination of profenofos/carbosulfan [P + C] decreased Ald. and Na+ significantly, while, K+ and T.Cl- level and pH value did not alter. In addition, tri-combination imidacloprid/ profenofos/carbosulfan [I + P + C] increased Na+ and T.Cl- ions level and pH value; while, a marked decline in Na+ ions level was occurred, as well as, no appreciable changes in K+ ion levels were observed. The combinations of I + P and I + C caused erythropenia [reduced RBC mass] associated with a significant decrease in PCV in I + C-treated rats. While, di-combinations P + C, I + P and I + P + C tri-combinations increased markedly of PCV and MCV. However, leukocytosis [elevated WBCS count] was observed in I + P + C-treated rats. After the pesticides combination withdrawal, changes in some parameters returned to the normal values, in comparison with the control group; while, the others still altered. Moreover, some parameters did not exhibit any changes unless after the stop of the treatment. In conclusion, this study supports the notion that; an interactions effects of pesticide combinations may be consider as contributor factor enhance their side effects

Effect of the pesticides carbofuran [Carbamate] and Profenophos [Organophosphorus] on Biomphalaria alexandrina and on its infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia

Carbofuran [carbamate pesticide] and Profenophos [organophosphorus pesticide] showed molluscicidal effect on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, with the LC[50] 1.42 ppm and 1.29 ppm, respectively Maintaining Biomphalaria alexandrina at sublethal concentrations of these compounds [0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 ppm] reduced the snail survival rate and net reproductive rate [R[0]] [E L[x]M[x]] compared with the control snail group. The percentage reduction in R[0] was 86.9, 90.8, and 93.9 for the tested concentrations of Carbofuran and 86.8, 82.9 and 88.5 for the tested concentrations of Profenophos, respectively. The susceptibility of Biomphalaria snails to infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and further infectivity of this parasite were also reduced. Increasing the pesticide concentration increased the magnitude of reduction reaching 80.7% and 89.3% for the two pesticides, respectively. Pesticide may be considered one of the factors contributing in the disappearance of snail vectors on reaching water bodies as residues from pesticidal activities and consequently hindering schistosomiasis transmission

Screening of a triazophos-degrading strain and pathway of its degradation / 生物工程学报

A Triazophos-degrading strain, Klebsiella sp. E6, was identified by soil enrichment technology from the soil sampled from the vicinity of a factory manufacturing Triazophos (TAP). The nutrient requirement of the strain is simple. It can use TAP as the sole sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Comparison of the degradation rates revealed that the strain degraded TAP most effectively when TAP was used as a sole nitrogen source. No inhibition effect occurred when TAP concentration was high as 1000 mg/L in the case of TAP was used as the sole nitrogen source. Analysis of the intermediates of TAP metabolism indicated that TAP is firstly hydrolyzed into 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioic acid. 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole was further mineralized into inorganic compounds. A degradation pathway of TAP was proposed. The experiment results demonstrated that the strain has potential in biodegradation of TAP pollutions.

Monitoring of housefly [Musca domestica] population abundance in Alexandria governorate and assessment of its susceptibility towards some commonly used insecticides

This study was conducted to monitor the housefly "Musca domestica" population abundance in different districts of Alexandria Governorate throughout one year from January to December 2002. Also, it determined the susceptibility of housefly against different currently used insecticides by Ministry of Health and Population [namely malathion and azamethiphos against adults and chlorpyriphos against larvae]. In addition, it evaluated the effect of a botanical compound; neem oil against both adults and larvae as an alternative insecticide. The data demonstrated that the highest housefly abundance was observed in El-Amreya and West Districts with mean grid count of 75.0 +/- 40.8 and 72.9 +/- 46.3, respectively. The lowest housefly abundance was observed in Borg El-Arab and East Districts with mean grid count of 37.7 +/- 19.7 and 39.5 +/- 28.1, respectively. The order of housefly population abundance in different districts of Alexandria Governorate was as follows: El-Amreya > West > El-Montaza > Middle > El-Gomrok> East> Borg El-Arab. Also, the abundance of housefly was greatly affected by temperature fluctuation where there were two peaks observed in Spring and Autumn while there were two depressions in Summer and Winter. There was a negative significant correlation between housefly abundance and both shadow and wind. As regards the susceptibility of housefly towards tested insecticides, the LD[50] of malathion against adult insect using topical application for laboratory strain was 0.0199 mg/fly while in case of field strain, it was 0.0363 mg/fly [1.824 times more than that of laboratory strain]. As regards azamethiphos using diet treatment, the LC50 for laboratory strain was 0.0281% while it was 0.0312% for field strain [1.11 times more than that of laboratory strain]. The EC50 of chloropyriphos using diet treatment against first instar larvae of field strain of housefly was 3.50 ppm. The most prominent toxic effect of neem oil emulsion was noticed in larval stage where EC[50] for laboratory strain was 1982.9 ppm, while it was 2045.3 ppm for field strain. Neem oil had no toxic effect on adult housefly by either topical application or diet treatment. In conclusion, the study reports no resistance of housefly against the tested compounds

Insecticidal activity of carbosulfan (OMS 3022) and pyraclofos (OMS 3040) against mosquitoes.

Carbosulfan (OMS 3022), a carbamate and pyraclofos (OMS 3040), an organophosphate were evaluated for their biological activity against vector mosquitoes, both in laboratory and field conditions. Carbosulfan (25% EC), was found to be active against adults and immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. The LD values for adults were 6.65, 5.19 and 8.35 micrograms/cm2 and LC 50values for immatures were 5.4 X 10(-5), 1.6 X 10(-4 and 5.4) X 10(-4) 50mg/1 respectively. Pyraclofos (50%) showed neither larvicidal nor adulticidal activities. The residual effect of carbosulfan (25% WP) on cement, thatch and mud surfaces at 400 mg (ai)/m2 lasted for 3, 16 and 21 weeks respectively. In the field, carbosulfan at 2.00 kg (ai)/ha resulted in complete control of C. quinquefasciatus larvae for a period of one week in cement tanks and less than a week in other polluted water bodies, such as cesspits, cesspools and drains. Pyraclofos was not effective at a dose of 2.00 kg (ai)/ha in any of the habitats.

Control de la mosca doméstica con la asociación azametifos-cizomazina en una granja de ponedoras comerciales / Control of domestic fly with the association azamethiphos-cyromazine in a farm of commercial layers

Para combatir una altísima infestación de moscas en una granja de ponedoras se utilizó ciromazina administrada con el alimento a 5 ppm junto a un cebo con 1 por ciento de azametifós. La ciromazina se administró continuamente por dos períodos de cinco semanas cada uno, separados por un intervalo de cinco semanas sin el producto. El cebo se esparció sobre el suelo, a ,lo largo de los pasillos y en las partes de las fosas donde se congregaban moscas al inicio y a la 2a semana del primer tratamiento con ciromazina y, además se aplicó a cartones colgantes de los comederos inferiores a distancia de 10-11 pasos uno del otro en todos los galpones. Los cartones fueron colocados al inicio del primer tratamiento con ciromazina y recargados de cebo cada 3-4 semanas. A los 13-16 días después de comenzada la primera administración de ciromazina la infestación se había reducido notablemente y siguió disminuyendo en las semanas siguientes. A las 4a-5a semana del intervalo sin ciromazina solamente se encontraron algunas moscas y, al terminar la segunda aplicación del producto, las moscas habían practicamente desaparecido. Cinco semanas después de terminada la administración de ciromazina, solamente se observaron algunas moscas en dos de los 14 galpones de granja

Effect of defoliant (butiphose) on morpho-physiological properties and enzyme systems of natural membranes.

Butiphose (Tributyltritiophosphate, (C4H9S)3PO) a commonly used defoliant in cotton growing regions of USSR, caused extensive alterations in morphological features of erythrocyte and nuclear membranes and affected the permeability properties of rat liver mitochondrial membrane. It disrupted Ca2+ transport system and other energy dependent processes in mitochondria. A reduction in the activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase and NAD.H-oxidase was also observed.